Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Thats So Gay free essay sample
Marriage is a bond many people search for their whole life until it is found. The official definition of marriage is, The formal union of a man and a woman, typically recognized by law, by which they become husband and wife (Oxford Dictionaries). This definition excludes the men and women who are not attracted to the opposite sex. So what about them, should they just not have the same rights as everyone else because they are slightly different from the common person? I say we rephrase this definition to: The formal union between two individuals, recognized by law, by which they become eternally bonded. I have seen first hand the pain and devastation the law against gay marriage can cause. We need to legalize gay marriage. This is America, where we claim to have natural born rights, one of those rights being the pursuit of happiness. Everyone deserves to be accepted and happy. We will write a custom essay sample on Thats So Gay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If youre not harming the safety of others, then do what you please to be happy. Also, in America we have freedom of religion, where we can practice a religion anyway we choose. If you choose to be Christian, and are also gay, no one can tell you, you cant do that. Marriage has come a long way, we need to start being more open and accepting. Family members of my own have had their dreams shattered because they cant say that their partners and themselves are legally married. Even though not everyone in my family is as accepting as I am, and many others disagree with me, I still believe that everyone has the right to be happy. If marrying someone of the same sex brings you happiness who is to say that you cant do that? We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. This is a quote from our constitution, stating that no matter what, everyone is equal, and we all have equal rights. One right Id like to point out is the pursuit of happiness. Every individual in the United States has this right, according to our nations constitution. If this is so, then may I ask why we discriminate against homosexuals? What is anyones right to say that who they love is wrong? If you are connected to them in such a way that you feel eternally bonded to them, that you couldnt possibly love another person like that ever again, who are we to tell them they can not pursue the happiness they want? The average person would agree that one of the happiest moments in a persons life is their wedding day. Imagine how it would feel to never experience the glamorous day of your wedding. You didnt get to pick out a cake, or get your hair and makeup done professionally. You never get to pick out your wedding dress, or your wedding tux. You would never get that special day all because the law states that gay marriage is illegal, which is pretty much saying its the wrong thing to do. No, you love who you love no matter the sex. This law contradicts our constitution, and needs to be changed. They have taken some of their daughters as wives for themselves and their sons, and have mingled the holy race with the peoples around them. And the leaders and officials have led the way in this unfaithfulness (Ezra 9:2). This is a quote from the Bible, where it claims mixing races is wrong, and unholy. The bible states biracial marriage and sex is wrong. But we still allow people do to it. So many people claim that the reason they are against gay marriage is because God hates homosexuals, and It says in the Bible that being gay is wrong. First off, God hates no one. He is accepting of all, even those who arent accepting of him. Secondly, in America we have freedom of religion, meaning you can be a part of any religion you wish, and practice anyway you choose. If someone claims to be a Christian, but is also gay, are you going to tell them they cant be part of your religion? Im sorry, but last time I checked you dont make the rules, and you dont speak for God; He will allow anyone to follow Him, whether you like it or not. If we are accepting of biracial marriage, where clearly it states in the Bible to be wrong, then why cant we accept gay marriage as well? I personally dont see why we make such a big deal about gay marriage, just have it legalized. If you arent homosexual then what does it matter to you? It doesnt matter if gay marriage is legal or not, gays will still be together, they will still hold hands, kiss, do whatever they want, because they want to. The only thing that isnt there is a certificate saying they are legally married, give them what they desire. Instead of having debates over gay marriage we can have debates over more important issues. I have yet to understand why in twenty-five states you are allowed to marry your first cousin, Kentucky being one of them, but gay marriage is only allowed in nine states. Somethings not right there. Ive made it clear that people will argue against me, especially over the religious aspect, but we cant live by everything the Bible says. Heres another quote from the Bible, ââ¬Å"Judge not, and you will not be judged; condemn not, and you will not be condemned; forgive, and you will be forgiven (Luke 6:37). Judging is wrong, and because so many people love to throw the Bible at my face over this topic, how about you practice what you preach? No one wants to see any type of couple making out anywhere, man and woman. Female and female, or male and male. No one wants to see it. They will be ridiculed anyway, so I doubt they will want to bring more attention to themselves as it is. Why not legalize gay marriage? Because the Bible says not to? If we listened to every single word in the Bible, life would be very different. The world and the people in it have evolved; we live differently than people did 100s of years ago. The Constitution is the go to source when deciding laws, so why do we still ignore the fine print of, all men are created equal, as well as certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness? Legalizing gay marriage will bring our nation closer, and make our citizens more happy. America is the land of the free but we still have laws against our own citizens that stop them from doing one of the most common forms of pursuing happiness, which is marriage. Do this not only for the homosexuals, do it for people like me, who have to watch members of my family hurt, and be ridiculed for a characteristic they cant change. How would you feel if there was a law against two blonde-haired people getting married? And you fell in love with a blonde-haired person, but legally you couldnt get married, just because someone from YEARS ago said you couldnt? You would want someone to change that for you Im trying my hardest to show why gay marriage really isnt bad, consider everything youve read, and let it sink in. For you hopefully will see, this law is wrong. Bibliography Oxford University Press. Marriage. Oxford Dictionaries. 15 February 2013 . State Laws Regarding Marriages Between First Cousins NCLS. Issues and Research. 15 February 2013. Wellman, Jack. What Christians Want to Know. What Does The Bible Say About Interracial Dating And Marriage. 15 February 2013. Wikipedia. Same Sex Marriage in The United States. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 15 February 2013.
Saturday, April 11, 2020
The Sample of VTE Essay
The Sample of VTE EssayThe sample of VTE essay has helped students improve their writing skills, which is important for success in college. Using the information contained in this essay writing service, students can study for their VTE and other AP exams and write essays that they are proud of.The sample of VTE essay includes sample assignments and a set of sample questions, exercises, and other materials to help make the students understand the content of the course. It also contains sample essays that students can use in class and at home as homework for revision. These sample essays are written for the specific grade levels of the course and will give students insight into how the course will be taught.The sample of VTE essay helps students prepare for the topic of the course as well as in writing essays for other subjects, such as history, psychology, English, and social studies. Some students may find it difficult to focus on one or two topics for a period of time. With the samp le of VTE essay, they will not be concerned with one topic and will be able to focus on several ideas at the same time. This will make the essays much more interesting and dynamic.Some students find it hard to write about certain subjects, especially if the course is a very large one. Because of this, the sample of VTE essay provides the students with a large range of topics for which they may write essays. Students will be able to choose topics that they feel are of interest and are relevant to the course's area of study.Many students tend to write essays based on what they learned in class, which usually means that they concentrate on the material rather than using other areas of their knowledge. The sample of VTE essay helps students to think of different areas of their knowledge that are related to the subject matter, and that other students may not have known. Students will benefit from learning these ideas because it will allow them to compare and contrast different areas of k nowledge and enhance their ability to use those subjects to write an effective essay.The sample of VTE essay is like a textbook, with examples, written passages, notes, and other information that students can refer to. Students can also learn from the examples, as well as from the student worksheets. They will learn how to organize their ideas and compile their thoughts in an orderly manner.Students should take a look at the sample of VTE essay when they are planning to write their essay. It will help students develop their writing skills and will also help them to become familiar with the concepts involved in writing an essay. It will help them to become confident in their writing abilities and will help them to write well.
Friday, April 3, 2020
Individual Memo Essay Example
Individual Memo Essay It allows for virtually any format for the paper rivers as well as processing government compliant CHAPS variations of the surveys that are being implemented in healthcare organizations nation-wide. The new system will provide user-centered experience and intuitive design to allow every branch of the business to operate effectively and efficiently. QPS system provides company-wide synergy and interoperability between the segments of the process from outbound production, to inbound processing to analysis and presentation of results to our clients. In order for the success of the project it is required for every business manager to undergo at least 1 0 ours of training to use the new system and to get familiar with host of new compliance policies. Stakeholders Executive Sponsors CEO CIO Users Analysts Outbound Production Inbound Production Development Project Managers Developers Objectives and Outcomes The main objective of this project is to streamline the production, processing, and analysis of medical satisfaction surveys across the company wide continuum while adhering to the government standards, privacy laws, and new compliance policies. The outcomes of this project include a accompanied roll of the new Qualifies Survey Processing System and end- seer training in order to effectively and efficiently utilize the new system to its full potential. Success Measurement Since National Research Corporation has chosen a value based approach to this project it will be measured by its efficiency, effectiveness, and ease of use. The value this new system provides to the company is measured in reduced costs of production, increased speed and volume of production, increased speed of processing, increased efficiency of processing and analysis of data, as well as increase in speed of end result delivery to our clients. The reject is aiming at impacting operational area of the company. The new system will increase effectiveness and efficiency all across the process. We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Memo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Memo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Individual Memo specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The new system will be faster, more dynamic and easier to use. The new process will increase the productivity by about 1 5%, processing and analysis time by 19%, end-result presentation speed by 17%. All around these numbers will have a huge impact on quality and speed of our service. This in turn will allow to increase the production and provide the ability to attain a larger number of big clients than we currently can handle.
Sunday, March 8, 2020
Common Application Essay Option 5 Tipsââ¬Personal Growth
Common Application Essay Option 5 Tips- Personal Growth For the 2018-19 admissions cycle, the fifth essay option on the Common Applicationà focusesà on personal growth: Discuss an accomplishment,à event, or realization that sparked a period of personal growth and a new understanding of yourself or others. We all have all had experiences that bring about growth and maturity, so essay option five will be a viable choice for all applicants. The big challengesà with this essay prompt will be identifying the correct accomplishment, event, or realization and then making sure the discussion of your growth has enough depth and self-analysis to show that you are a strong andà thoughtful college applicant. The tips below can help guide you as you tackle essay option five: What Defines a Period of Personal Growth? The heart of this essay prompt is the idea of personal growth. Its a remarkably broad concept, and as a result this essay prompt gives you the freedom to talk about almost anything meaningful that has ever happened to you. Your job with this essay prompt is to identify a moment that is meaningful and that provides the admissions folks with a window into your interests and personality. As you work to define an appropriate period of personal growth, reflect on the last several years of your life. You shouldnt go back more than a few years since the admissions folks are trying to learn about who you are now and how you process and grow from the experiences in your life. A story from your early childhood wont accomplish this goal as well as a more recent event. As you reflect, try to identify moments that made you rethink your assumptions and worldview. Identify an event that has made you a more mature person who is now better prepared for the responsibilities and independence of college. These are the moments that can lead to an effective essay. What Type of Accomplishment, Event, or Realization Is Best? As you brainstorm ideas for this essay prompt, think broadly as you try to come up with a good choice for the accomplishment, event, or realization. The best choices, of course, will be significant moments in your life. You want to introduce the admissions folks to something you value highly. Also keep in mind that these three words- accomplishment, event, realization- are interconnected. Both accomplishments and realizations stem from something that happened in your life; in other words, without some kind of event, youre unlikely to accomplish something meaningful or have a realization that leads to personal growth.à We can still break down the three terms as we explore options for the essay, but keep in mind that your options include, but are not limited to: An accomplishment:You reach a goal that you have set for yourself such as earning a certain GPA or performing a difficult piece of music.You do something independently for the first time such as preparing a meal for the family, flying across the country, or house-sitting for a neighbor.You overcome or learn to appreciate a disability or handicap.Working alone or with a team, you win an award or recognition (a gold medal in a music competition, a strong showing in Odyssey of the Mind, a successful fundraising campaign, etc.)You successfully launch your own business (a lawn-mowing service, babysitting business, web company, etc.)You successfully navigate or extricate yourself from a dangerous or challenging situation (an abusive family, a problematic peer group, etc.)You do something challenging like winter camping, white-water kayaking, or running a marathon.You complete a meaningful service project such as creating a public garden or helping build a house with Habitat for Humanity. An event:You pass a milestone in your life such as the first day of high school or your first time driving by yourself.You have an interaction with someone (whether that be a friend, family member or stranger) that opens your awareness in a profound way.You perform at an event such as a concert or competition in which your hard work and perseverance finally pay off.You experience a traumatic event such as an accident or sudden loss that makes you reevaluate your behavior or beliefs.You experience a moment of failure (much like option #2) that causes you to grapple with and grow from the experience.You are moved by a world event that makes you reflect upon what you most value and what your role in the world might be.A realization (most likely connected to an accomplishment and/or event):You realize that you can accomplish something you hadnt thought possible.You realize your limitations.You realize that failure is as valuable as success.You realize that your understanding of people wh o are different than you had been limited or faulty.You experience something that makes you realize that you need to redefine your priorities.You realize that relying on the help of others isnt a failure.You come to understand how much a parent or mentor has to teach you. Personal Growth Can Stem From Failure Keep in mind that the accomplishment,à event, or realization doesnt have to be a triumphant moment in your life. An accomplishment can be learning to deal with setbacks or failure, and the event could be a losing game or an embarrassing solo in which you missed that high C. Part of maturing is learning to accept our own shortcomings, and recognizing that failure is both inevitable and an opportunity to learn. Most Important of All: Discuss When you discuss your event or accomplishment, make sure you push yourself to think analytically. Dont spend too much time merely describing and summarizing the event or accomplishment. A strong essay needs to show off your ability to explore the significance of the event you have chosen. You need to look inward and analyze how and why the event caused you to grow and mature. When the prompt mentions a new understanding, it is telling you that this is an exercise in self-reflection. If the essay doesnt reveal some solid self-analysis, then you havent fully succeeded in responding to the prompt. A Final Note for Common Application Option #5 Try to step back from your essay and ask yourself exactly what information it conveys to your reader. What will your reader learn about you? Does the essay succeed in revealing something that you care about deeply? Does it get at a central aspect of your personality? Remember, the application is asking for an essay because the college has holistic admissions- the school is evaluating you as a whole person, not as a bunch of test scores and grades. They essay, then, needs to paint a portrait of an applicant the school will want to invite to join the campus community. In your essay, do you come across as an intelligent, thoughtful person who will contribute to the community in a meaningful and positive way? No matter which essay prompt you choose, pay attention to style, tone, and mechanics. The essay is first and foremost about you, but it also needs to demonstrate a strong writing ability. These 5 tips for a winning essay can also help guide you. Finally, realize that many topics fit under multiple options on the Common Application. For example, option #3 asks about questioning or challenging a belief or idea. This can certainly connect with the idea of a realization in option #5. Also, option #2 on encountering obstacles could also overlap with some of the possibilities for option #5. Dont worry too much about which option is best if your topic fits in multiple places. Most important is that you write an effective and engaging essay. Be sure to check out this article for tips and samples for each of the Common Application essay options.
Thursday, February 20, 2020
Feasibility Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Feasibility Study - Essay Example As a direct function of this, a litany of different programs and initiatives have been discussed and analyzed as a means of promoting health and healthful living to these young members of society. It has become painfully evident within the past several years that school programs alone art ineffective as a means of promoting such a change. In such a way, it is the belief and recommendation of this particular author that one of the most successful means by which a reduction in childhood obesity can be accomplished is with regards to utilizing many of the government owned and community operated playgrounds and parks as community centers that during key times of the week offer play activities, exercise, and help instruction to both parents and their children as a means of seeking to affect a positive influence upon the overall level of obesity that is noted within current society. Establishment of Feasibility: Ultimately, the low startup cost that is engendered with regards to the specif ic plan is one of the reasons that make it highly feasible for startup. Moreover, as the facilities already exist within the extant environment, it is not necessary for such a program to purchase and/or outfit a new or existing facility as a means of hosting such programs/courses (Landow & Ebdon, 2012). Furthermore, as has been mentioned briefly in the introduction, the overall need and demand for such programs has only increased as the overall incidence of childhood and adolescent obesity has subsequently increase within the environment. Accordingly, from a cursory overview of existing programs, both state and private, it can be inferred that a deficit in supply for such programs exists within the current market as compared to the demand. Naturally, the overall feasibility goes far beyond the place required to perform such programs and/or the level of interest that might be exhibited within the community (Liessmann, 1987). A litany of other startup costs and potential problems that must be face will be discussed in a certain level of length within the preceding sections. Competitor Analysis: One unique factor of the current market with regards to programs specifically targeting the exercise and health of adolescent to struggle with obesity is the fact that these almost invariably leverage government funding and operate as a public partnership. Although such a business model almost invariably defines the current market, it is the belief of this analysis that a public/private partnership could effectively leverage many of the existing strengths of current demand without necessarily reducing the overall level of demand that might be exhibited. Whereas the broad majority of these programs for public, private entities of also sought to engage with the need that is been reference; however, the degree and extent to which this unable to be accomplished has been limited due to the aforementioned limiting factors of purchasing a specific place and outfitting it to meet the needs of the stakeholders concerned. Financing One particular aspect of the public-private partnership that has been discussed above which will be beneficial is with regards to the issue of financing. Previous ventures into this field have noted that it is difficult if not impossible to achieve a level of sufficient funding based solely upon the
Wednesday, February 5, 2020
Forensically investigating a security breach while balancing the need Research Paper
Forensically investigating a security breach while balancing the need for business continuity and rapid return to normalcy within the organization - Research Paper Example So as to ensure the network security and security of information on the network, an organization has to have a response and investigation plan. There are many reasons as to why an organization should use a response and investigation plan. According to Vacca and Rudolph (2011), a response and investigation plan offers solutions to how hacking/intrusion attacks can be handled by the organization reducing damage and loss. This, however, builds confidence with the shareholders and helps cut losses that are as a result of hacking. With that in mind, this paper intends to provide a response and investigation plan for a large manufacturing Aspen Company with extensive intellectual property distributed across multiple locations in the United States and Latin America. There have been several recent small scale hacking/intrusion attacks that appear to be reconnaissance efforts for a larger scale attack. Reentry, the company faced an attack which affected its customer and shareholders data. Hacking/intrusion attack is not an issue that is going to go away anytime soon. As the internet grows, and more users come online, hackers and introducers want to have access to personal data or organizationââ¬â¢s confidential information (Anson, Bunting, Johnson & Pearson, 2012). This means that Aspen Company has to be able to detect any act of hacking/intrusion done in their systems. So as to do so, there has to be a forensic response and investigation plan. The forensic response and investigation plan described in this section documents the procedures Aspen Company followed after their hacking/intrusion attack. The forensic response and investigation plan will include; determining the nature of the attack and evidence handling and documentation. Identifying the occurrence of hacking/intrusion attacks even if it is an IT-related issue cannot always be the sole obligation
Monday, January 27, 2020
History Of Computer Architecture First Generation Information Technology Essay
History Of Computer Architecture First Generation Information Technology Essay In 1945 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer it was the first general purpose computer designed by Mauchly Echert, built by United States army to calculateà artilleryà firing tables for ballistic shells during World War II. The machine was developed using vacuum tubes and relays, and it was programmed to work manually by setting switches. UNIVersalà Automaticà Computerà I (UNIVAC) 1950: It was the first commercial computer developed. John Von Neumann architecture: Goldstine and Von Neumann took the idea of ENIAC and developed concept of storing a program in the memory. Known as the Von Neumann architecture and has been the basis for virtually every machine designed since then. Features: Electron emit devices Data and programs are stored in a single read-write memory Memory contents are addressable by location, regardless of the content itself Machine language/Assemble language Sequential execution Second Generation (1950-1964) Transistors William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor that reduce size of computers and improve reliability. First operating Systems: handled one program at a time On-off switches controlled by electricity High level languages Floating point arithmetic Third Generation (1964-1974) Integrated Circuits (IC) Microprocessor chips combines thousands of transistors, entire circuit on one computer ship Semiconductor memory Multiple computer models with different performance characteristics Smaller computers that did not need a specialized room Fourth Generation (1974-present) Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI)/Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) Combines millions of transistors Single-chip processor and the single-board computer emerged Creation of the Personal Computer (PC) Wide spread use of data communications Artificial intelligence: Functions logic predicates Object-Oriented programming: Objects operations on objects Massively parallel machine 32 bit architecture In computing 32 bit architecture refers to how a computer is build. In a 32 bit architecture computer the integer values can be stored in 32bits is 0 through 4,294,967,295 or à ¢Ãâ ââ¬â¢2,147,483,648 through 2,147,483,647 using twos complement encoding. Bus architecture Inà computer architecture aà busà refers to structure handling data transmission between components inside aà computer system, or computer network which transmit binary numbers, one bit per wire. Modern computer buses can use both parallel and bit-serial connections, and can be wired in either a electrical parallel orà daisy chainà topology, or connected by switched hubs, as in the case ofà USB. A microprocessor communicates with memory and other devices (input and output) using three busses: Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus. Address Busà The address busà is aà computer bus, which consist series of lines connecting two or more devices that is used to specify aà physical address. When R3900à processorà needs to read or write to a memory location, it specifies that memory location on the address bus sent through theà data bus. The width of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address. In toshiba R3900 Processor Core address bus can address 232à (4,294,967,296) memory locations which is 32bit. If each memory address holds one byte, the addressable memory space is 4 GB. Address bus is unidirectional, numbers only sent from microprocessor to memory, not other way. Data Bus A data bus is aà computerà subsystem that allows for the transferring of data from one component to another on aà motherboardà or system board. Data bus used to transmit data, information, results of arithmetic, etc, between memory and the microprocessor This can include transferring data to and from the memory, or from theà central processing unità (CPU) to other components, it is bi-directional. The R3900 data bus is designed to handle so many bits of data at a time. The amount of data a data bus can handle is called bandwidth. The toshiba 32 bits R3900à processorà can transfer data through a data bus every second. At the same time they are making data buses to handle more bits, they are also making devices that can handle those higher bitrates Control Bus Aà control busà is (part of) aà computer bus, used byà CPUsà for communicating with other devices within the computer. The control bus will tell the memory that we are either reading from a location, specified on the address bus, or writing to a location specified. Various other signals to control and coordinate the operation of the system. The R3900 32 bit buss, which allow larger number of instructions, more memory location, and faster arithmetic. Microcontrollers organized along same lines, except: because microcontrollers have memory etc inside the chip, the busses may all be internal. In the microprocessor the three busses are external to the chip (except for the internal data bus). In external busses, the chip connects to the busses via buffers, which are simply an electronic connection between external bus and the internal data bus. Memory management unità (MMU) Memory management unità (MMU) is also called asà paged memory management unità (PMMU), is aà computer hardware component responsible for handling accesses toà memoryà requested by theà CPU. Its functions include translation ofà virtual addressesà toà physical addressesà (i.e.,à virtual memoryà management),à memory protection,à cacheà control,à busà arbitration, and, in simpler computer architectures, bank switching. The functions performed by the memory management unit can typically be divided into three areas: hardware memory management operating systemà memory management application memory management The Toshiba R3900 Processor Core Operating Modes The R3900 Processor Core has two operating modes user mode kernel mode It operates in the user mode normally, when exception is detected it changes to kernel mode. In kernel mode, it continues until an RFE (Restore from Exception) instruction is executed. The existing virtual address space varies with the mode. User mode User mode exist only one of the two 2 Gbyte virtual address spaces (kuseg). The most considerable bit of each kuseg address is 0. The range virtual address kuseg is of 0x0000 0000 to 0x7FFF FFFF. Attempting to access an address when the MSB is 1 while in user mode returns an Address Error exception. Kernel mode Kernel mode makes available a second 2 Gbyte virtual address space (kseg), in addition to the kuseg accessible in user mode. The range virtual address kuseg is of 0x8000 0000 to 0xFFFF FFFF. Direct Segment Mapping The Toshiba R3900 Processor Core has a direct segment mapping MMU. User mode One 2 Gbyte virtual address space (kuseg) is available in user mode. In this mode, the most important bit of each kuseg address is 0. The virtual address range of kuseg is 0x0000 0000 to 0x7FFF FFFF. Attempting to access an address outside of this range, that is, with the MSB is 1, while in user mode will raise an Address Error exception. Virtual addresses 0x0000 0000 to 0x7FFF. FFFF are translated to physical addresses 0x4000 0000 to 0xBFFF FFFF, individually. The upper 16-Mbyte area of kuseg (0x7F00 0000 to 0x7FFF FFFF) is reserved for on-chip resources and is not cacheable. Kernel mode The kernel mode address space is ta as four virtual address segments. One of these, kuseg, is the same as the one in user mode; the other remaining three are kernel segments kseg0, kseg1 and kseg2. Pipeline Architecture Computerà pipelineà is a set of data processing parts connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion; in that case, some amount ofà buffer storageà is often inserted between elements. Each cycle different instruction is executed in different stages For example, 5-stage pipeline (Fetch-Decode-Read-Execute-Write), The Toshiba R3900 Processor Core executes instructions in five pipeline stages (F: instruction fetch; D: decode; E: execute; M: memory access; W: register write-back). The five stages have the following roles. F : An instruction is fetched from the instruction cache. D : The instruction is decoded. Contents of the general-purpose registers are read.. E : Arithmetic, logical and shift operations are performed. The execution of multiple/divide instructions is begun. M: The data cache is accessed in the case of load and store instructions. W: The result is written to a general register. Each of the above pipeline stage is executed in one clock cycle. When the pipeline is fully used, the five instructions are executed at the same time, which will be resulting in an average instruction execution rate of one instruction per cycle. Delay Slot The R3900 Processor Core instructions are executed with a delay of one instruction cycle. Delay slot is the cycle in which an instruction is delayed. A delay occurs with load instructions and branch/jump instructions. Delayed load Delayed branching Non blocking Load Function In the R3900 processor the non blocking load function stops the pipeline from stalling when a cache miss happens and a refill cycle is needed to refill the data cache. Instructions after the load instruction that do not use registers involved by the load will continue to be executed. Multiply and Multiply/Add Instructions(MULT, MULTU, MADD, MADDU) The R3900 Processor Core is able to execute multiply and multiply/add instructions continuously, and able to use the results in the HI/LO registers in immediately following instructions, without pipeline stall. The processor requires only one clock cycle to use the outcome of a general-purpose register. Divide Instruction (DIV, DIVU) The Processor Core performs division instructions in the division unit independently of the pipeline. Division starts from the pipeline E stage and takes 35 cycles. Streaming The R3900 Processor Core can resume execution immediately after arrival of necessary data or instruction in cache even though cache refill operation is not completed during a cache refill operation. This is referred to as streaming.
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